When Luis Manuel Aviles was arrested by immigration authorities, his son was entering his ninth month on the USS Abraham Lincoln with the Navy - a vessel that set a U.S. military record for uninterrupted time at sea, stirring concerns about supply shortages and deteriorating mental health among soldiers.

A sailor onboard the USS Abraham Lincoln on Saturday said his father was detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Joshua Aviles has spent roughly nine months deployed at sea due to the Iran war amid reported shortages of clean water, food and supplies. “I’ve been deployed for over nine months, out at sea in...